Childhood Mental Ability and Adult Alcohol Intake and Alcohol Problems: The 1970 British Cohort Study
AJPH First Look, published online ahead of print Jan 30, 2008


We examined the potential relation of mental ability test scores at age 10 years with alcohol problems and alcohol intake at age 30 years.

We used data from a prospective observational study involving 8170 members of a birth cohort from Great Britain born in 1970. Data included mental ability scores at age 10 years and responses to inquiries about alcohol intake and problems at age 30 years.

After adjustment for potential mediating and confounding factors, cohort members with higher childhood mental ability scores had an increased prevalence of problem drinking in adulthood. This association was stronger among women (odds ratio [OR]1 SD increase in ability=1.38; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.16, 1.64) than men (OR1 SD increase in ability=1.17; CI=1.04, 1.28; P for interaction=.004). Childhood mental ability was also related to a higher average intake of alcohol and to drinking more frequently. Again, these gradients were stronger among women than among men.

In this large-scale cohort study, higher childhood mental ability was related to alcohol problems and higher alcohol intake in adult life. These unexpected results warrant examination in other studies.

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EU Proposes New Simpler Food Labels

By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS

Published: January 30, 2008

BRUSSELS, Belgium (AP) -- The European Commission proposed simplified food labels Wednesday highlighting fat, sugar and salt contents in an attempt to contain the spread of obesity and junk food in the 27-nation EU.

Under the proposals, six content elements will have to appear on packages: energy, total fat, saturated fat, carbohydrates, sugar and salts.

The labels, which must be clear enough so consumers can make quick decisions, will also indicate what percentage of advisable daily intake they represent.

''Consumers have to be able to make the right choice. They need the right information to plan their diet,'' EU Health Commissioner Markos Kyprianou said. ''The ultimate target is a healthy nutrition.''

The proposals exclude beer, wine and spirits, even though they can have a dramatic impact on health. Kyprianou said it would take another five years to produce a report on how the alcohol industry should regulate its labeling.

So-called alcopops, which mix fruit juice and soft drinks with alcohol, are included partly because they target the key market of teenage consumers.

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Press Release - Questions and Answers on Food Labelling

MEMO/08/64

Brussels, 30 January 2008

How is food labelling currently regulated in the EU?

Currently, EU general labelling requirements for all foodstuffs are set out in Directive 2000/13/EC. This Directive sets the compulsory information that has to be included on all labels, such as the name of the product, the list of ingredients, the use-by date and any special conditions of use. In addition to the general legislation, there are certain labelling rules for certain food groups (e.g. meat), and specific measures including labelling provisions for certain foods and substances (e.g. beef, fish, chocolate, dietetic foods, food supplements, fortified foods etc). Nutrition labelling on foods is regulated by Directive 90/496/EEC. At the moment, under EU legislation, nutrition labelling is optional, although it becomes compulsory when a nutrition or health claim is made in the labelling, presentation or advertising of a foodstuff or when vitamins or minerals are voluntarily added to foods.

Why is the Commission proposing new legislation on food labelling?

Updating the rules to reflect the modern market

The current legislation on general food labelling dates back to 1978 and nutrition labelling rules were adopted in 1990. Consumer demands and marketing practices have changed significantly since then. EU labelling legislation needs to be updated to reflect the new ways in which food is packaged and sold. Given the amount of information presented to consumers today and the ever more innovative and complex styles of labels, there is a need for a system that allows consumers easy access to the most important and relevant information on food labels, while still encouraging innovation on the part of industry. EU rules also need to take into account the different purchasing habits of the modern consumer. For example, many consumers now buy their food via the internet. These consumers have the same need for clear, essential information as those who shop in their local supermarket. The aim is to create legislation which is flexible enough to be easily adapted as consumer trends evolve, and wide-reaching in its approach to ensure that there is consistency in the approach to providing information on food.

Simplifying the rules

The proposed labelling Regulation aims to simplify the rules that apply in this field, in line with the Commission's goal of better regulation. It will modernise, simplify and clarify the food labelling rules. The proposal sets out plainly and unequivocally what the requirements are, so that there can be no excuses for non-compliance. The clearer and simpler the rules, the more likely they are to be properly implemented in all Member States.

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Labelling of ingredients of alcoholic beverages

The proposal improves and clarifies the current situation concerning the listing of ingredients of alcoholic beverages in an attempt to conciliate the consumers' needs for information with the specificities in the production of such products. To take into account the consumers' need for information, the proposal provides that ready to drink mixed alcoholic beverages, frequently referred to as alcopops, should include an ingredients list. Given the specificities of wine, spirits and beer, and with a view to ensure a consistent approach and coherence in this sector, it is foreseen that the Commission reports on the state-of-play on the Community rules regarding the ingredients list and nutrition labelling of such products with the possibility of measures to be adopted. .
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Alcohol Use Disorders: Treatment, Services Research, and Recovery (R21)
Program Announcement (PA) Number: PA-08-008



Release date: 17 Oct 2008
Expiration date: 8 Jan 2011

The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH), invites applications to support research on pharmacologic and behavioral treatments for alcohol use disorders: the organizational, financial, and management factors that facilitate or inhibit the delivery of evidence-based services for alcohol use disorders, and recovery from alcohol use disorders.

Research objectives of this Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) include, but are not limited to: (1) research on medications for the treatment of alcohol use disorders; (2) research on behavioral interventions for alcohol use disorders; (3) health services research on organization and management of alcohol services; and (4) research on recovery.

This FOA seeks applications that address these research objectives for the population as a whole as well as for specific subpopulations. In addition, elucidating disparities among racial/ethnic groups with respect to alcohol treatment, service delivery, and recovery is encouraged.

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Alcohol Tolerance: Contribution to Consumption (R01)Request For Applications (RFA) Number: RFA-AA-08-009



Release date: 16 January 2008
Expiration Date: 26 March , 2008

This Funding Opportunity Announcement (FOA) issued by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, solicits Research Project Grants (R01s) that propose to determine the significance of tolerance to alcohol induced responses and the risk for alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.

It is well established that tolerance develops to the effects of alcohol. In fact, tolerance is one of several criteria used for diagnosing alcohol dependence according to DSM IV. However the consequences of alcohol tolerance for health and for the development of alcohol dependence have not been determined. Tolerance may permit greater consumption of alcohol as a consequence of reduced adverse response to alcohol. Consequently with greater alcohol consumption greater tissue damage would result. In addition the greater consumption permitted by alcohol tolerance may influence the development of alcohol dependence. In order to establish the relevance of tolerance for development of treatments for prevention of relapse or treatment of alcohol dependence, the significance of tolerance to alcoholism needs to be clarified.

Extensive studies have been carried out on alcohol-induced tolerance and have demonstrated that alcohol tolerance is a complex phenomenon that encompasses a wide range of alcohol-induced responses and a multitude of distinct processes. The emphasis of this funding opportunity announcement focuses on the relationship between tolerance to alcohol induced response and increased risk for alcohol dependence or relapse. Once such a link is established, the mechanism of tolerance can be explored for those specific responses predicting or associated with dependence or relapse.

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Alcohol Research Education Project Grants (R25)
Program Announcement (PA) Number: PAR-08-082


Release date: 1/29/2008
Expiration date: 5/08/2011


The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) supports research programs to advance understanding of the biological and behavioral processes involved in the development, expression, and consequences of alcoholism and other alcohol-related problems. The Institute also supports prevention, treatment, and health services research on alcohol abuse and alcoholism.

A part of the NIAAA mission is the dissemination of new knowledge acquired from alcohol research to diverse audiences, including scientists, educators, clinicians, and other health and social service providers, patients and their families, professionals within the criminal justice system, and the general public.

This FOA identifies the research activity on alcohol education of Health Professions that NIAAA will consider for award through Research Education grants (R25).

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Alcohol consumption and psychological distress in patients with psoriasis
British Journal of Dermatology 158 (1), 138–140.


Psoriasis has been associated with excessive alcohol consumption and psychological distress.

Using different measures of alcohol consumption, between 17% and 30% of patients were classified as having difficulties with alcohol. Thirteen per cent and 18% of patients with psoriasis believed that they had a current or past drinking problem, respectively.

There was a modest but significant association between levels of anxiety and depression and weekly alcohol consumption (r = 0·29, P < 0·01 and r = 0·24, P = 0·03, respectively). Those patients who believed that they had an alcohol problem had higher levels of anxiety (P = 0·03), depression (P < 0·01) and psoriasis-associated disability (P = 0·04).

There was a modest but significant association between physical severity of psoriasis and weekly alcohol consumption (r = 0·27, P = 0·02).

A significant minority of patients with psoriasis consumes excessive alcohol. Patients with psoriasis should be assessed for excessive alcohol use and appropriate interventions initiated.

Further studies are required to investigate whether such interventions are effective in combating alcohol abuse and in improving the psychological and physical aspects of psoriasis.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: b.kirby@st-vincents.ie
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Psychiatric morbidity and social functioning among adults with borderline intelligence living in private households
Journal of Intellectual Disability Research 52 (2), 95–106.

Approximately one-eighth of the population will have DSM-IV borderline intelligence. Various mental disorders and social disability are associated with it.

In total, 12.3% of the sample had borderline intelligence. The prevalence of psychotic disorder was not significantly increased, but the group showed significant social disadvantage and increased rates of neurotic disorders, substance misuse and personality disorders when compared with their counterparts of normal intelligence. The borderline group was more likely to receive psychiatric medication, but not talking therapies. They appear to use significantly more services, including emergency services.

Adults with borderline intelligence are more likely to suffer from treatable mental disorders and an excess of substance misuse. Services should be aware of hidden morbidity in this group

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SUBSTANCE DEPENDENCE AND SUBSTANCE-RELATED PROBLEMS: AN AGENDA-SETTING DEBATE. A FURTHER COMMENTARY ON LI ET AL. (2007)
Addiction 103 (2), 179–180.

A recent paper by Li et al. [1], the comments on that paper [2–6] and the authors' reply [7] together provide a thoughtful discussion around the idea of dependence and problems as constituting separate dimensions. This journal feature can be seen, in sum, as useful in agenda-setting. These are some of the items which one might want to take from the debate as deserving a place in a future research agenda. The questions are relevant to our understanding not only of alcohol, but also of other mind-acting substances.

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Modulation of neuropeptide Y and Y₁ receptor expression in the amygdala by fluctuations in the brain content of neuroactive steroids during ethanol drinking discontinuation in Y₁R/LacZ transgenic mice
Journal of Neurochemistry 104 (4), 1043–1054.

Previous studies have shown that GABAergic neuroactive steroids increase Y₁ receptor (Y₁R) gene expression in the amygdala of Y₁R/LacZ transgenic mice, harbouring the murine Y₁R gene promoter linked to a LacZ reporter gene.

As ethanol is known to increase GABAergic neuroactive steroids, we investigated the relationship between fluctuations in the brain content of neuroactive steroids induced by chronic voluntary ethanol consumption or ethanol discontinuation and both the level of neuropeptide Y (NPY) immunoreactivity and Y₁R gene expression in the amygdala of Y₁R/LacZ transgenic mice.

Ethanol discontinuation (48 h) after voluntary consumption of consecutive solutions of 3%, 6%, 10% and 20% (v/v) ethanol over 4 weeks produced an anxiety-like behaviour as measured by elevated plus maze. Voluntary ethanol intake increased the cerebrocortical concentration of the progesterone metabolite 3α-hydroxy-5α-pregnan-20-one (3α,5α-TH PROG) that returned to control level 48 h after discontinuation of ethanol intake.

Ethanol discontinuation significantly decreased NPY immunoreactivity and concomitantly increased Y₁R/LacZ transgene expression in the amygdala, whereas chronic ethanol intake failed to affect these parameters. The 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride prevented both the increase in the cerebrocortical concentration of 3α,5α-TH PROG apparent after 4 weeks of ethanol intake and the changes in NPY immunoreactivity and transgene expression induced by ethanol discontinuation.

Data suggest that 3α,5α-TH PROG plays an important role in the changes in NPY–Y₁R signalling in the amygdala during ethanol discontinuation.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: carola.eva@unito.it

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Estimating regression to the mean and true effects of an intervention in a four-wave panel study
Addiction 103 (1), 32–41.

First, to analyse whether a taxation-related decrease in spirit prices had a similar effect on spirit consumption for low-, medium- and high-level drinkers.

Secondly, as the relationship between baseline values and post-intervention changes is confounded with regression to the mean (RTM) effects, to apply different approaches for estimating the RTM effect and true change.

Adjusted for RTM effects, high-level drinkers increased consumption more than lighter drinkers in the short term, but this was not a persisting effect. Changes in taxation affected mainly light and moderate drinkers in the long term. All methods concurred that RTM effects were present to a considerable degree, and methods quantifying the RTM effect or adjusting for it yielded similar estimates.

Intervention studies have to consider RTM effects both in the study design and in the evaluation methods. Observed changes can be adjusted for RTM effects and true change can be estimated. The recommended method, particularly if the aim is to estimate change not only for the sample as a whole, but for groups of drinkers with different baseline consumption levels, is growth curve modelling.

If reliability of measurement instruments cannot be increased, the incorporation of more than one pre-intervention measurement point may be a valuable adjustment of the study design

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Request Reprint E-Mail: ggmel@sfa-ispa.ch
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The association between alcohol consumption and contact sensitization in Danish adults: the Glostrup Allergy Study
British Journal of Dermatology 158 (2), 306–312.

Population-based epidemiological studies have indicated that alcohol consumption is associated with IgE-mediated immune diseases (i.e. allergic rhinitis, asthma and urticaria). These studies have been strongly supported by several immunological studies. Furthermore, an inhibitory effect of alcohol consumption on the development of delayed-type hypersensitivity has been shown in healthy controls. However, a possible association between contact sensitization and alcohol consumption in a general population has never been reported.

Women who reported no consumption of alcoholic drinks per week were more likely to develop contact sensitization (adjusted odds ratio 2·12, 95% confidence interval 0·98–4·61) during a 8-year follow-up period. A positive trend among women was detected (P = 0·045).

These data support the hypothesis that alcohol consumption leads to IgE-mediated immune responses rather than delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions. It is probable that alcohol consumption prevents the development of contact sensitization. Further epidemiological studies are warranted.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: jacpth01@genh.regionh.dk

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Where, With Whom, and How Much Alcohol Is Consumed on Drinking Events Involving Aggression? Event-Level Associations in a Canadian National Survey of University Students
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (OnlineEarly Articles) 22 Jan 2008

Epidemiological research using event-level data can provide a better understanding of the association between alcohol consumption, characteristics of drinking contexts, and the likelihood of aggressive behavior.

The present research assessed whether alcohol intake and characteristics of the drinking context were associated with the likelihood of aggression within individuals across 3 drinking events based on a national sample of university students, taking into account individual characteristics and university level variables.

Additionally, we determined whether individual characteristics, particularly drinking pattern, were associated with alcohol-related aggression controlling for drinking event characteristics, and whether relations of aggression to alcohol and drinking contexts differed by gender.

The number of drinks consumed was positively associated with aggression. Drinking contexts found to be positively associated with aggression included being at a party, at a fraternity/sorority and/or residence, at three or more drinking places (versus 1 or 2), and having a partner present whereas having a meal reduced the likelihood of aggression. A significant interaction was found between gender and being at a party, with a significant effect found for women but not for men.

These results support experimental evidence indicating a direct role of alcohol in aggression and point to characteristics of the drinking context that might be targeted in future prevention initiatives.

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Request Repint E-Mail: swells@uwo.ca

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Alcohol in a Social Context: Findings From Event-Contingent Recording Studies of Everyday Social Interactions
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (OnlineEarly Articles). 22 Jan 2008

Data concerning the effects of alcohol on social interaction in everyday life are limited.

Social interactions involving alcohol were primarily characterized by higher levels of agreeable behaviors, by perceptions of greater agreeableness in others, and by more positive mood. Alcohol consumption was not associated with higher levels of quarrelsomeness.

Alcohol consumption in a social context may have predominantly positive effects, an observation which is at odds with most alcohol-induced aggression experiments performed in laboratory settings. Drinking in everyday life may be less likely to result in aggression because, unlike in most laboratory experiments, individuals can choose among a variety of behaviors in response to social cues and the alcohol dose consumed is usually lower.

Event-contingent recording provides a new approach for the study of alcohol’s effects in everyday life and the conditions in which alcohol might result in interpersonal aggression.


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Request Reprint E-Mail: Marije.aanhetRot@MSSM.edu
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Insulin But Not Insulin Growth Factor-1 Correlates With Craving in Currently Drinking Alcohol-Dependent Patients
Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research (OnlineEarly Articles) 22 Jan 2008

Preclinical data suggest that brain insulin and insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) may contribute to the development of addiction. The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate the relationships between insulin and IGF-1 plasma concentrations and alcohol craving.

Significant positive correlations between insulin concentrations and craving scores were found in actively drinkers (p <>p <>p <>

This study suggests that insulin could be involved in the neurobiology of alcohol craving and addiction. This characteristic seems specific of insulin since similar data were found on C-peptide but not on IGF-1. Future confirming studies on larger samples are needed, also to investigate possible therapeutic implications.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: g.addolorato@rm.unicatt.it

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A Befuddlement of Liquor Laws

By ERIC ASIMOV

Published: January 30, 2008

. . . . . .

“The system didn’t used to be anarchic,” said Craig Wolf, the chairman of the Wine and Spirits Wholesalers of America. “This result has come about because of attacks on the regulated system over the last 10 or 15 years. But it’s been effective for 75 years since the end of Prohibition. We created in this country the most vibrant and competitive market in the world.”

Mr. Wolf said most Americans were satisfied with the system as it is, “except for a small, very vocal segment who say they can’t get their bottle of 1997 whatever.” He said wholesalers support the system not because they want to protect profits but because of safety, and he warned that change might make it easier for minors to get alcohol.

“The bottom line is you whittle away at the system little by little, and what you end up with is what you have in England, where cheap alcohol has led to binge drinking through the roof,” he said. “We don’t have tainted and counterfeit products because of wholesalers. This is the gold standard. These things are going to be lost if regulation is ended.”

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Risk factors for alcohol and other drug use by healthcare professionals
Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy 2008, 3:3

Given the increasingly stressful environment due to manpower shortages in the healthcare system in general, substance induced impairment among some healthcare professions is anticipated to grow. Though recent studies suggest that the prevalence of substance abuse is no higher in healthcare professionals (HPs) than the general population, given the responsibility to the public, any impairment could place the public at increased risk for errors. Few studies have ever reported predictors or risk factors for alcohol and other drug use (AOD) across a sample of HPs.

Risk factors contributing to any reported past year AOD use, as well as significant (defined as the amount of AOD use by the top 25% of respondents) past year AOD use by HPs were examined using logistic regression. Risk factors of any self-reported past year AOD use included moderate or more frequency of alcohol use, being in situations when offered AODs, feeling immune to the addictive effects of drugs (pharmaceutical invincibility) and socializing with substance abusers. Risk factors of significant past year AOD use were HPs with younger licensees, a moderate pattern of alcohol use and not socializing with substance abusers.

National and state organizations need to develop policies that focus on prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of alcohol and other drug-using healthcare professionals. The results of this study may help to delineate the characteristics of HPs abusing drugs, leading to the development of more effective policies designed to protect the public, and move toward more tailored and effective intervention strategies for HPs.

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Implementation of Washington State's Zero Tolerance Law: Patterns of Arrests, Dispositions, and Recidivism
Traffic Injury Prevention, Volume 8, Issue 4 December 2007 , pages 339 - 345



Zero tolerance (ZT) laws have been effective in reducing alcohol-related crashes among underage drivers. However, enforcement in some states has not been rigorous, and ZT offenses may not be viewed as serious offenses.

On July 1, 1994, the state of Washington implemented a ZT law that allowed police to request a test for alcohol on suspicion of either a ZT or driving-under-the-influence (DUI) offense.

The present study examined effects of the ZT law on arrests and case dispositions among underage offenders as a function of blood alcohol concentration (BAC) and post-law patterns of recidivism.

There was a substantial increase in arrests of underage drivers beginning immediately after implementation of the ZT law, especially among drivers with low BACs. The types of court or administrative dispositions received by underage offenders changed markedly after the ZT law was implemented. Underage offenders with lower BACs became far more likely to receive alcohol-related convictions and/or license suspensions. However, the percentage of underage offenders with higher BACs receiving DUI convictions declined as some of these offenders received the lesser ZT disposition. After the ZT law, underage offenders with BACs of 0.10 g/dL or higher were more likely to recidivate than those with lower BACs, but appreciable proportions of drivers were re-arrested for another alcohol offense, whatever the BAC and however they were penalized.

Implementation of Washington's law indicates that a ZT law can increase the likelihood that an underage person will be sanctioned for drinking and driving. However, recidivism remains an issue as more than one in four underage drivers arrested with low BACs subsequently were re-arrested.


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Age of onset and temporal sequencing of lifetime DSM-IV alcohol use disorders relative to comorbid mood and anxiety disorders
Drug and Alcohol Dependence Article in Press, Corrected Proof - 22 January 2008

Understanding the temporal sequencing of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) and comorbid mood and anxiety disorders may help to disentangle the etiological underpinnings of comorbidity. Methodological limitations of previous studies, however, may have led to inconsistent or inconclusive findings.

AUD onset tended to follow the onset of 2 of the 9 mood and anxiety disorders (specific and social phobia). The onset of alcohol abuse tended to precede the onset of 5 of the 9 mood and anxiety disorders (GAD, panic, panic with agoraphobia, major depression, and dysthymia), whereas the onset of alcohol dependence tended to precede the onset of only 2 of the 9 mood and anxiety disorders (GAD and panic). Lag times between primary and subsequent disorders generally ranged from 7 to 16 years. Comorbid individuals whose alcohol dependence came after panic with agoraphobia, hypomania, and GAD had increased risk of persistent alcohol dependence.

Alcohol abuse, but not dependence, precedes many mood and anxiety disorders. If the primary disorder does in fact play a causative or contributing role in the development of the subsequent disorder, this role can best be described as “temporally distal.”

However, in assessing the risk for persistent alcohol dependence, clinicians should not only consider the type of comorbid mood/anxiety disorder, but also the temporal ordering of these disorders.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: dfalk@csrincorporated.com

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Heavy drinking in youth tied to heart risks later

2008-01-25 (Reuters Health)

By Amy Norton

NEW YORK (Reuters Health) - People who drink heavily in their youth may have a higher risk of developing a collection of risk factors for heart disease and stroke, new research suggests.

In a study that examined the lifetime drinking habits of more than 2,800 adults, researchers found that those who drank heavily in their teens and young adulthood were more likely to have metabolic syndrome than those who drank more moderately throughout adulthood.

Metabolic syndrome refers to a grouping of risk factors for heart disease, stroke and diabetes -- including abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, low levels of "good" HDL cholesterol, high blood sugar and high triglycerides, a type of blood fat. People who have three or more of these problems are considered to have metabolic syndrome.

While moderate drinking can be heart-healthy -- helping to boost HDL levels, for example -- excessive drinking is not. The new findings suggest that drinking heavily early in life might contribute to metabolic syndrome later on.
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