Alcohol Concern's 2008 Budget Submission
Start drinking in middle age for healthier heartTeetotallers who become moderate drinkers in middle age are significantly less likely to suffer heart attacks and strokes than those who continue to abstain, according to a study published yesterday.
Researchers found that women aged between 45 and 64 who began consuming an average of one alcoholic drink per day cut their risk of developing cardiovascular disease by almost 40 per cent.
The same was true for middle-aged men who allowed themselves up to two alcoholic drinks per day.
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Now ALL the major political parties say they will raise taxes on alcohol, as they battle to look the toughest on binge drinking By last night, all three parties had pledged to raise taxes on alcohol, with Chancellor Alistair Darling indicating that he will be hiking duties on wines and spirits in his debut Budget on Wednesday.
Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesman Vincent Cable added a novel contribution to the debate, telling his party's spring conference that VAT on fruit juice and smoothies should be cut from 17.5 per cent to five per cent to help encourage healthy diets, with the anticipated £225million shortfall made up by raising the tax on some alcoholic drinks.
The Conservatives promised on Friday to raise tax on super-strength beer, cider and alcopops to tackle binge-drinking, while reducing the tax on low-strength beer and cider enjoyed by 'sensible' drinkers.
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A regulatory variation in OPRK1, the gene encoding the 
-opioid receptor, is associated with alcohol dependence 
-opioid receptor, are associated with the risk for alcohol dependence.
Effector Immediate-Early Gene Arc in the Amygdala Plays a Critical Role in Alcoholism
The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): Rates and predictors of DUI across Hispanic national groups
Videoconference SeriesThe Videoconference Series provides access to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) leading scientists and the latest alcohol research. NIAAA experts offer free, accurate, and timely information on a wide range of alcohol-related topics.
Each Videoconference webscast features a real-time presentation and slideshow on a specific alcohol-research topic, followed by an online Q & A.
The first in the series featuring Dr. Mark Willenbring, Director, Division of Treatment and Recovery Research, NIAAA, may be accessed below. Additional presentations will be listed in this section as they become available.
Videoconference Series
Mark Willenbring, M.D., Director, Division of Treatment and Recovery Research
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, NIH
December 12, 2007
View Archived Presentation and Slide Show
https://webmeeting.nih.gov/p27471408/
Runtime: 103 minutes
(Please note: Audio and slide presentation begins at the 45 second mark)
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Preventing high-risk drinking in youth in the workplace: A web-based normative feedback programThis study evaluated the efficacy of an alcohol web-based personalized feedback program delivered in the workplace to young adults.
Participants (N = 124) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: web-based feedback (WI), web-based feedback plus a 15-minute motivational interviewing session (MI), or a control group.
Results indicated that participants in the intervention group (WI and MI conditions combined) reported significantly lower levels of drinking than those in the control group at a 30-day follow-up. This was particularly true for participants classified as high-risk drinkers at the baseline assessment. Similar results were found when comparing the WI condition to the control group. No differences were found between the WI and MI conditions, indicating that the addition of a 15-minute motivational interviewing session did not increase the efficacy of the web-based feedback program.
Findings support the use of web-based feedback as a stand-alone alcohol prevention program for young adults in the workplace.
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Adopting Moderate Alcohol Consumption in Middle Age: Subsequent Cardiovascular EventsModerate alcohol use is part of a healthy lifestyle, yet current guidelines caution nondrinkers against starting to drink alcohol in middle age. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether adopting moderate alcohol consumption in middle age would result in subsequent lower cardiovascular risk.
This study examined a cohort of adults aged 45-64 years participating in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study over a 10-year period. The primary outcome was fatal or nonfatal cardiovascular events.
Of 7697 participants who had no history of cardiovascular disease and were nondrinkers at baseline, within a 6-year follow-up period, 6.0% began moderate alcohol consumption (2 drinks per day or fewer for men, 1 drink per day or fewer for women) and 0.4% began heavier drinking. After 4 years of follow-up, new moderate drinkers had a 38% lower chance of developing cardiovascular disease than did their persistently nondrinking counterparts. This difference persisted after adjustment for demographic and cardiovascular risk factors (odds ratio 0.62, 95% confidence interval, 0.40-0.95). There was no difference in all-cause mortality between the new drinkers and persistent nondrinkers (odds ratio 0.71, 95% confidence interval, 0.31-1.64).
People who newly begin consuming alcohol in middle age rarely do so beyond recommended amounts. Those who begin drinking moderately experience a relatively prompt benefit of lower rates of cardiovascular disease morbidity with no change in mortality rates after 4 years
State Estimates of Substance Use from the 2005-2006 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health. This report presents State estimates for 23 measures of substance use or mental health problems based on the 2005 and 2006 National Surveys on Drug Use and Health (NSDUHs).
Unhealthy Drinking Patterns in Older Adults: Prevalence and Associated CharacteristicsTo examine the prevalence of unhealthy drinking patterns in community-dwelling older adults and its association with sociodemographic and health characteristics.
The prevalence of unhealthy alcohol use by older adults defined in relation to two parameters of recommended limits: monthly use exceeding 30 drinks per typical month and "heavy episodic" drinking of four or more drinks in any single day during a typical month in the previous year. Sociodemographic and health status variables were also included.
Nine percent of elderly Medicare beneficiaries reported unhealthy drinking, with higher prevalence in men (16%) than women (4%). In logistic regression analyses with the full sample, higher education and income; better health status; male sex; younger age; smoking; being white; and being divorced, separated, or single were associated with higher likelihood of unhealthy drinking. Among drinkers, in addition to sociodemographic variables, self-reported depressive symptoms were positively associated with unhealthy drinking. Among unhealthy drinkers, race and ethnicity variables were associated with likelihood of heavy episodic drinking.
Almost one in 10 elderly Medicare beneficiaries report exceeding recommended drinking limits. Several distinct unhealthy drinking patterns were identified and associated with sociodemographic and health characteristics, suggesting the value of additional targeted approaches within the context of universal screening to reduce alcohol misuse by older adults.
Request Reprint E-Mail: merrick@brandeis.edu
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Press Release - BMA comment on 24-hour licensing review (issued Tuesday 04 Mar 2008)
Embargoed for Release
Tuesday, March 4, 2008
How much and how often people drink — not just the average amount of alcohol they consume over time — independently influence the risk of death from several causes, according to a new study by researchers at the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
"Taken together, our results reinforce the importance of drinking in moderation. In drinkers who are not alcohol dependent, the majority of U.S. drinkers, alcohol quantity and frequency might be thought of as modifiable risk factors for mortality, the researchers conclude."
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Fatty Acid Ethyl Esters in Meconium are Associated with Poorer Neurodevelopmental Outcomes to Two Years of AgeTo determine the relationship between fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in meconium and neurodevelopment in infants exposed to alcohol in utero at 6.5 months, 1 year, and 2 years of age.
After controlling for prenatal visits and maternal factors, increasing concentrations of FAEE were significantly associated with poorer mental and psychomotor development (β ± standard error) at all follow-up visits: ethyl myristate (MDI −2.46 ± 1.24, P = .05; PDI −3.88 ± 1.67, P = .02), ethyl oleate (MDI −1.94 ± 0.65, P < .01; PDI −2.60 ± 0.93, P < .01), ethyl linoleate (MDI −1.92 ± 0.60, P < .01; PDI −2.28 ± 0.84, P < .01), ethyl linolenate (MDI −1.99 ± 0.74, P < .01; PDI −2.98 ± 1.04, P < .01), and ethyl arachidonate (MDI −2.40 ± 1.11, P = .03; PDI −3.32 ± 1.51, P = .03).
FAEE in meconium may be a marker for identifying newborns at risk for neurodevelopmental delay from alcohol exposure in utero.
Request Reprint E-Mail: petersj2@ccf.org
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Acute ethanol modulates glutamatergic and serotonergic phase shifts of the mouse circadian clock in vitroAlcohol abuse is associated with sleep problems, which are often linked to circadian rhythm disturbances. However, there is no information on the direct effects of ethanol on the mammalian circadian clock. Acute ethanol inhibits glutamate signaling, which is the primary mechanism through which light resets the mammalian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Glutamate and light also inhibit circadian clock resetting induced by nonphotic signals, including 5-HT.
Thus, we investigated the effects of acute ethanol on both glutamatergic and serotoninergic resetting of the mouse SCN clock in vitro.
We show that ethanol dose-dependently inhibits glutamate-induced phase shifts and enhances serotonergic phase shifts. The inhibition of glutamate-induced phase shifts is not affected by excess glutamate, glycine or d-serine, but is prevented by excess brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). BDNF is known to augment glutamate signaling in the SCN and to be necessary for glutamate/light-induced phase shifts.
Thus, ethanol may inhibit glutamate-induced clock resetting at least in part by blocking BDNF enhancement of glutamate signaling. Ethanol enhancement of serotonergic phase shifts is mimicked by treatments that suppress glutamate signaling in the SCN, including antagonists of glutamate receptors, BDNF signaling and nitric oxide synthase.
The combined effect of ethanol with these treatments is not additive, suggesting they act through a common pathway. Our data indicate further that the interaction between 5-HT and glutamate in the SCN may occur downstream from nitric oxide synthase activation.
Thus, acute ethanol disrupts normal circadian clock phase regulation, which could contribute to the physiological and psychological problems associated with alcohol abuse.
Request Reprint E-Mail: rprosser@utk.edu
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Alcohol sellers seek regulatory freezeBy Elizabeth Rigby and Jimmy Burns
Published: March 5 2008
Drinks companies, pubs and supermarkets yesterday implored the government not to take further regulatory action on alcohol sales and promotions after the government admitted that 24-hour licensing laws had produced "mixed results".
The British Pub and Beer Association told the government it was already suffering from difficult trading conditions following last year's smoking ban and fragile consumer confidence, without further regulatory or tax pressure.
Supermarket groups, under fire for aggressive drinks promotions, reminded the government that competition law made it illegal for them to take collective action on price rises.
"The industry is doing triple backwards somersaults to come to terms with shifting government criteria," said Tim Martin, chairman of Wetherspoons, the pub chain. "Pubs were repeatedly investigated in the 1970s and 1980s for over-pricing and now, having forgotten about rip-off Britain, we are being told to get our prices up."
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When People Drink Themselves Silly, and WhyThe urge to binge mindlessly, though it can strike at any time, seems to stir in the collective unconscious during the last weeks of winter. Maybe it’s the television images from places like Fort Lauderdale and Cabo San Lucas, of communications majors’ face planting outside bars or on beaches.
Or perhaps it’s a simple a case of seasonal affective disorder in reverse. Not SAD at all, but anticipation of warmth and eagerness for a little disorder.
Either way, researchers have had a hard time understanding binge behavior. Until recently, their definition of binge drinking — five drinks or more in 24 hours — was so loose that it invited debate and ridicule from some scholars. And investigators who ventured into the field, into the spray of warm backwash and press of wet T-shirts, often returned with findings like this one from a 2006 study: “Spring break trips are a risk factor for escalated alcohol use.”
Or this, from a 1998 analysis: “The men’s reported levels of alcohol consumption, binge drinking and intoxication were significantly higher than the women’s.”
In fact, the dynamics of bingeing may have more to do with personal and cultural expectations than with the number of upside-down margaritas consumed. In their classic 1969 book, “Drunken Comportment,” recently out in paperback, the social scientists Craig MacAndrew and Robert B. Edgerton wrote that the disconnect between the conventional wisdom on drunken behavior and the available evidence “is even now so scandalous as to exceed the limits of reasonable toleration.”
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Government to crack down on alcohol crime4 March 2008
In a written ministerial statement, Culture Secretary Andy Burnham said that the review had produced a "mixed picture" of the impact of extended hours introduced in the Licensing Act in 2003 and that there needed to be a new focus on enforcement of police and local authority powers. Overall crime and alcohol consumption had fallen since 2003 but alcohol-related violence in the early hours of the morning had increased, he said.
In an interview with the Daily Mirror newspaper yesterday, the Prime Minister said that there needed to be tougher action on shops found to be selling alcohol to underage drinkers as well as a change in the drinking culture of the country. Any retailer caught selling to under-18s twice in a three-month period should lose its license, he said.
"We have to tighten up the penalties. Any shop that is selling to under-18s twice in three months shouold lose its license...If someone is selling to under-18s they are allowing these problems of binge drinking to grow and they are giving young people the worst possible start in life."
Mr Brown also pointed to other measures to deal with the sale of cheap alcohol and an advertising campaign to encourage responsible drinking and make being drunk in public socially unacceptable.
As well as the "two-strikes" rule for retailers, today's review also listed measures such as tougher sanctions on premises breaking the law and more instant closures of problem venues.
Home Office Research Report 04 - The impact of the Licensing Act 2003 on levels of crime and disorder: an evaluation
Key implications
Executive summary
Main report
Appendix A: Tables and charts for the case study areas
Appendix B: Technical report
The Licensing Act 2003 came into effect on the 24th November 2005 and abolished set licensing laws in England and Wales. The aim was to liberalise a rigid system whilst reducing the problems of drinking and disorder associated with a standard closing time.
The evaluation used a multi-method approach and employed both the national and local level data. A key component of the evaluation was the temporal and spatial analysis of time-stamped recorded crime data in five case study areas. This was supplemented by survey data from local residents about their perceptions of crime and qualitative interviews with regulators and representatives from night time economy businesses.
The findings suggest the overall volume of incidents of crime and disorder remains unchanged, though there are signs that crimes involving serious violence have reduced. There is, however, temporal displacement, in that the small proportion of violent crime occurring in the small hours of the morning has increased. Police, local authorities and licensees generally welcomed the new powers and the Act’s partnership philosophy.
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Home Office Research Report 05 - Early experiences of the Licensing Act 2003 in the East of England and Yorkshire and the Humber regions
Summary
Appendix A: Numbers and methods
Appendix B: Levels and timing of crime and disorder
This paper examines the early experiences of the implementation of the Licensing Act 2003 in two Government Office regions, specifically a sample of market towns in the East of England and a mix of towns in the Yorkshire and the Humber region. In both regions a mixed methods approach was used including: qualitative interviews with police, licensing officers, licensees and CDRP representatives; examination of licensing applications; and quantitative data analysis of police recorded crime figures in the first six months of the Act. It discusses the take up and use of the extended licensing hours, where most of the licensees interviewed had applied for license extensions. An analysis of the police recorded crime data revealed a mixed picture in the two regions, with both increases and decreases noted in the towns examined. However, the results should be treated with caution as the crime types examined were often proxies for alcohol-related crime, the levels were small and they could be subject to fluctuation due to police activity. The main change experienced in some towns was a shift in the patterns of alcohol related crime, with peak periods flattening or moving to later in the night.
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'Red cards' for pubs to curb binge drinkingPubs and clubs will lose their licences after breaking the drinking laws twice and people caught drinking in public areas where it is banned will face increased fines, the Government will announce today.
Ministers will hold out the prospect of blanket licence bans in the early hours where there has been persistent trouble from rowdy drinkers but they will not reverse the 24-hour licensing laws. Two reviews from the Home Office and the Department for Culture, Media and Sport of the 30 months of operation of the 24-hour law will give it qualified backing — “a mark of seven out of ten” according to one senior official.
But at the instigation of Gordon Brown and Andy Burnham, the new Culture Secretary, measures designed to tackle binge drinking and the irresponsible minority who have abused the laws will be outlined today and later in the year.
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Alcohol Intake and Blood Pressure: A Systematic Review Implementing a Mendelian Randomization ApproachAlcohol has been reported to be a common and modifiable risk factor or hypertension. However, observational studies are subject to confounding by other behavioural and sociodemographic factors, while clinical trials are difficult to implement and have limited follow-up time.
Mendelian randomization can provide robust evidence on the nature of this association by use of a common polymorphism in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) as a surrogate for measuring alcohol consumption. ALDH2 encodes a major enzyme involved in alcohol metabolism. Individuals homozygous for the null variant (*2*2) experience adverse symptoms when drinking alcohol and consequently drink considerably less alcohol than wild-type homozygotes (*1*1) or heterozygotes.
We hypothesise that this polymorphism may influence the risk of hypertension by affecting alcohol drinking behaviour.
We carried out fixed effect meta-analyses of the ALDH2 genotype with blood pressure (five studies, n = 7,658) and hypertension (three studies, n = 4,219) using studies identified via systematic review.
In males, we obtained an overall odds ratio of 2.42 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.66–3.55, p = 4.8 × 10−6) for hypertension comparing *1*1 with *2*2 homozygotes and an odds ratio of 1.72 (95% CI 1.17–2.52, p = 0.006) comparing heterozygotes (surrogate for moderate drinkers) with *2*2 homozygotes.
Systolic blood pressure was 7.44 mmHg (95% CI 5.39–9.49, p = 1.1 × 10−12) greater among *1*1 than among *2*2 homozygotes, and 4.24 mmHg (95% CI 2.18–6.31, p = 0.00005) greater among heterozygotes than among *2*2 homozygotes.
These findings support the hypothesis that alcohol intake has a marked effect on blood pressure and the risk of hypertension.
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Lifetime exposure to potentially traumatic events in a sample of alcohol-dependent patients in Poland
Ethanol Enhances Reactivated Fear MemoriesAlthough ethanol has been shown to impair acquisition of memory, its effect on consolidated memories is not clear. Recent reports revealed that memory retrieval converted consolidated memory into a labile state and initiated the reconsolidation process.
In the present study, we have demonstrated the effect of ethanol on reactivated fear memory. We used contextual fear conditioning where rats were conditioned with mild footshock, re-exposed to the training context for 2 min, immediately injected with ethanol or saline, and finally tested 48 h after re-exposure.
Ethanol-treated groups demonstrated longer freezing and the effect lasted for 2 weeks. Reactivation is necessary for this effect. Injection of ethanol itself did not induce a fearful response. Reactivated and ethanol-treated rats exhibited longer freezing than non-reactivated controls, suggesting that ethanol does not inhibit the memory decline but facilitates the fear memory. Two minute re-exposures induced no or little extinction.
The effect of ethanol was specific for 2-min reactivation, which induces reconsolidation. Moreover, we found that picrotoxin inhibited the memory enhancement that was produced by ethanol administered just after the reactivation.
These studies demonstrate that ethanol enhances reactivated contextual fear memories via activation of GABAA receptors.
Request Reprint E-Mail: hiro.nomu@f-h.nir.jp
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24-hour drinking fails to halt disorder· Antisocial behaviour still a problem, says Home Office
· Crackdown on shops and off-licences also unveiled
The package comes with the publication of the official Culture Department review of the impact of the changes in the licensing laws, which receive a verdict of "7/10 - good but could do better".
Ministers believe the relaxation in the opening hours has given the responsible majority greater freedom. But that has been matched by only a patchy improvement in the enforcement of the laws to curb underage drinking and antisocial behaviour.
A Home Office study of the impact of the licensing changes on crime and disorder also to be published today will confirm that later closing times have led to a spike in incidents of drink-related disorder which have been displaced to between 3am and 6am. Ministers hope the new measures will tackle this problem.
But there will not be any announcements today of action to legislate over cheap supermarket alcohol promotions, which have led to police complaints that lager is sold cheaper than bottled water.
Instead ministers will make clear that the industry will be expected to stop such irresponsible promotions. An internal government review under way into possible links between pricing promotions and crime and disorder is not due to report until June. It may well lead to changes the licensing laws and competition laws later in the year if self-regulation proves to fail one last time.
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Using Dimensional Models of Externalizing Psychopathology to Aid in Gene IdentificationTo test the utility of using a multivariate externalizing phenotype in (1) linkage analyses and (2) association analyses to identify genes that contribute broadly to a spectrum of externalizing disorders.
Principal component analyses indicated that the 6 individual variables loaded on a single externalizing factor. Linkage analyses using the resultant component scores identified a region on chromosome 7 consistent with a gene that broadly predisposes individuals to externalizing behavior. Association analyses of a candidate gene, CHRM2, previously of interest in the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism, suggest that it is involved in a general externalizing phenotype.
Broader conceptualizations of psychiatric disorders, such as studying a spectrum of externalizing psychopathology, may aid in identifying susceptibility genes and understanding the pathways through which genetic factors affect vulnerability for a variety of poor outcomes.
Request Reprint E-Mail: dickd@wustl.edu
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Prime Minister - Afternoon press briefing from 3 March 2008Asked about the Licensing Review being published tomorrow, the PMS said that it was important to see the review as a staging post in terms of the action the Government was taking, rather than being the final word on the matter. There would be announcements from DCMS and the Home Office, looking at the way in which the new licensing laws were operating and how they were being enforced.
It was important to remember alongside this, the Action Plan on young people and alcohol from DCSF and a Department of Health Review of evidence on the relationship between pricing, promotion and harm being published later in the year. So it was more of an ongoing process, rather than a definitive final conclusion one way or the other.
Put that the Chancellor had said in an interview in February that he didn't think putting up taxes on alcohol was the best way to tackle binge-drinking and was that a view shared by the Prime Minister, the PMS replied that the view of the Prime Minister was that tax was a matter for the Chancellor in the Budget. Asked if the Prime Minister was putting pressure on the Chancellor to change his views on the subject, the PMS said he did not know where the journalist was going with that line of questioning and suggested that all questions in regards to the Chancellor should be addressed to the Treasury.
Asked when the reviews from the Department of Health and DCSF were expected to report back, the PMS said a bit later in the year.
Asked whether the Government thought the Licensing Act had worked or not, the PMS said people would find out tomorrow.
Asked whether the term staging post meant that it was too early to make a definitive statement as to how well the Licensing Act had gone, the PMS said it was a reflection of the fact that it was a complex issue. It affected a whole range of Government departments and affected different parts of the country in different ways. It was a very complex piece of legislation with a complex social impact. There would be an assessment of it tomorrow, but what we were saying was that this was not necessarily the final word on the matter.
Asked if the Government was opening itself up to the charge of dithering, the PMS replied that that was not the case. It was a reflection of the fact that this was a complex piece of legislation with a very complex impact.
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British Prime Minister Morning press briefing from 21 February 2008Asked of the Prime Minister would be meeting with representatives of Tesco, the PMS replied that the Prime Minister had met with representatives of the retail industry, including Tesco, regarding alcohol back in November. We welcomed any further positive contributions to taking this issue forward. There were reviews ongoing into the relationship between pricing and alcohol drinking habits, but in the interim, any progress that we could make with all those involved was to be welcomed.
Asked about the time frame regarding this subject, without pre-empting the Budget, the PMS replied that the Budget was a matter for the Chancellor but that there were various elements to this. There was a review due quite shortly into the Licensing Act as a whole, which had been looking across impacts in terms of local councils, health and policing; there were several elements to this and we could expect various Government business on this in the upcoming weeks/months.
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Can genetics predict risk for alcohol dependence?Children of alcoholics have a 40% to 60% increased risk of developing severe alcohol-related problems1—a harsh legacy recognized for >30 years. Now, as the result of rapidly growing evidence, we can explain in greater detail why alcoholism runs in families when discussing alcohol dependence with patients.
Individuals vary in response to medications and substances of abuse, and genetic research is revealing the heritable origins. Numerous genetic variations are known to influence response to alcohol, as well as alcoholism’s pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Pieces are still missing from this complex picture, but investigators are identifying possible risk factors for alcoholism and matching potential responders with treatments such as naltrexone and acamprosate.
This article provides a progress report on contemporary genetic research of alcoholism. Our goal is to inform your clinical practice by describing:
new understandings of the genetics of alcoholism
how researchers identify relationships between genetic variations and clinical/behavioral phenomena
practical implications of this knowledge.
European Alcohol and Health Forum 
(25 KB) is contained in the following document (580 KB)
Time to reclassify malt liquor and flavored malt beverages as a distilled spirit?
Ten years ago, Harlem community activists and Bill Perkins, Harlem's representative to the New York City Council, led a successful campaign to rid Harlem of malt liquor ads that they called pornographic and disrespectful
(1). Several years earlier, legal action had forced malt liquor advertisers to remove similar ads. In the ensuing decades, activists launched comparable campaigns against the advertising and distribution of malt liquor in Portland, Oregon; Chicago; Philadelphia; Washington, D.C. and many other cities, often in the African-American neighborhoods targeted by malt liquor manufactures.
Now, major U.S. breweries are facing declining revenues due to decreased demand for mass market product lines such as Budweiser and a trend toward increased wine consumption and specialty and imported beers (2,3). For the beer industry, young consumers who have not yet established brand and drink preferences are an obvious target for the more aggressive marketing of malt liquor products (2,3).
This story of marketing malt liquor and the resistance to it illustrates some of the ways that free markets can collide with public health. It also demonstrates both the potential and limits of community activism to resist the promotion of unhealthy products. This Corporations and Health Watch report summarizes the health risks associated with malt liquor consumption and describes the marketing of newer flavored malt liquors and caffeinated energy malt liquors to young people. It reviews actions by community activists to restrict the sale and advertisement of malt liquor products in low-income urban communities, and concludes with policy recommendations designed to better protect young people from the risks associated with malt liquor.
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The Hispanic Americans Baseline Alcohol Survey (HABLAS): DUI Rates, Birthplace, and Acculturation Across Hispanic National Groups
Using Interactive Voice Response to Enhance Brief Alcohol Intervention in Primary Care Settings
Alcohol Dependence, Mortality, and Chronic Health Conditions in a Rural Population in Korea.