Aims

To support the free and open dissemination of research findings and information on alcoholism and alcohol-related problems. To encourage open access to peer-reviewed articles free for all to view.

For full versions of posted research articles readers are encouraged to email requests for "electronic reprints" (text file, PDF files, FAX copies) to the corresponding or lead author, who is highlighted in the posting.

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Wednesday, December 5, 2007

The World's Hardest-Drinking Countries
Robert Malone and Tom Van Riper 11.28.07

Europe: Home of much natural beauty, old traditions and booze. Lots and lots of booze.

Yes, all but one of the World's 15 Heaviest-Drinking Countries are in Europe, a continent where cultural traditions--and tax policies on alcohol--die hard.

Our top 15 listing comes from a 2006 survey by the Organization for Economic Co-Operation and Development, which tracks per capita alcohol consumption around the globe. Rankings are based on the number of liters of pure alcohol consumed per person per year, from beer, wine and spirits combined (the three have progressively higher percentages of alcohol content).
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Effects of Moderate Consumption of Distilled and Fermented Alcohol on Some Aspects of Neuroimmunomodulation
Neuroimmunomodulation 2007;14:200-205


Alcoholic beverages are characterized by their fermented versus distilled origin and also by their degree of alcohol. The toxic effects of chronic alcohol consumption have been widely studied. However, there is less evidence about possible beneficial effects of moderate alcohol intake.

This work was aimed at evaluating the effects of moderate alcohol consumption (beer or ethanol) on plasma hormone concentrations, blood and thymus lymphocyte phenotypes and brain neurotransmitter levels.

Blood and thymus lymphocyte subsets were not significantly changed by either ethanol or beer consumption, compared to controls. Plasma prolactin levels significantly decreased in ethanol-administered groups compared to control animals drinking water, although plasma levels of growth hormone and ACTH were not modified by either alcohol used. Dopamine and GABA concentrations in the median eminence or in the adenohypophysis remained unmodified by moderate beer or ethanol consumption. However, taurine concentration was significantly increased in the pituitary in the group drinking ethanol compared to those groups drinking beer with or without alcohol.

These data suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may change the regulatory mechanism of prolactin secretion. Whether these modifications have a physiological significance deserves further research.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: ldiaz@if.csic.es

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News Release - Make Scotland's roads safer - reduce the drink driving limit
(issued by BMA Scotland Tuesday 04 Dec 2007)



BMA Scotland today [Tuesday 4 December] called on Scotland’s politicians to increase pressure on the UK Government to reduce drink driving limits from 80mg/100ml to 50mg, a move that could prevent as many as 65 deaths on the UK’s roads every year.
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News Release - Scientists Identify Gene That Influences Alcohol Consumption




FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE:
Wednesday, December 5, 2007

Contact: NIAAA Press Office, 301-443-3860


A variant of a gene involved in communication among brain cells has a direct influence on alcohol consumption in mice, according to a new study by scientists supported by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and the U.S. Army.


Scientists do not know yet whether a similar gene variant, with a similar effect on alcohol consumption, exists in humans.


Known as Grm7, the gene encodes a receptor subtype that inhibits the release of glutamate and other neurotransmitter molecules that brain cells use to communicate with one another.


Researchers identified a gene variant, or polymorphism, that reduces the abundance of Grm7 messenger RNA (mRNA) in brain tissue. mRNA is the molecular intermediate between a gene and its protein product. Mice that possess this gene variant drink more alcohol than do mice with higher brain levels of Grm7 mRNA.

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Glutamate receptor metabotropic 7 is cis-regulated in the mouse brain and modulates alcohol drinking
Genomics Volume 90, Issue 6, December 2007, Pages 690-702



Alcoholism is a heritable disease that afflicts about 8% of the adult population. Its development and symptoms, such as craving, loss of control, physical dependence, and tolerance, have been linked to changes in mesolimbic, mesocortical neurotransmitter systems utilizing biogenic amines, GABA, and glutamate.

Identification of genes predisposing to alcoholism, or to alcohol-related behaviors in animal models, has been elusive because of variable interactions of multiple genes with relatively small individual effect size and sensitivity of the predisposing genotype to lifestyle and environmental factors.

Here, using near-isogenic advanced animal models with reduced genetic background interactions, we integrate gene mapping and gene mRNA expression data in segregating and congenic mice and identify glutamate receptor metabotropic 7 (Grm7) as a cis-regulated gene for alcohol consumption.

Traditionally, the mesoaccumbal dopamine reward hypothesis of addiction and the role of the ionotropic glutamate receptors have been emphasized.

Our results lend support to an emerging direction of research on the role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in alcoholism and drug addiction. These data suggest for the first time that Grm7 is a risk factor for alcohol drinking and a new target in addiction therapy.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: vadasz@nki.rfmh.org
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MARKINGS - YOUR ARCHIVES INTERCHANGE
Vol. 27 • No. 3—Fall 2007

  • Being Clear on Their Role Is Key for Archivists
  • Revised Archives Workbook and Archives Guidelines Now Available
  • The Beginnings of A.A. in Ottawa
  • Grave Marker for One of A.A.’s First Woman Members
  • Donated to G.S.O. Archives This Year:
Read Full Issue (PDF)
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Treatment Practitioner’s Research Bulletin
Current Issue: December 2007



Does Methadone Treatment Change Alcohol Consumption?
Unhealthy alcohol use is common among patients receiving methadone treatment. The effect of such treatment on alcohol consumption, however, is not clearly understood.

Who Receives Office-Based Buprenorphine Treatment?
Buprenorphine treatment for opioid dependence has been provided in office-based settings in the United States for several years now. However, little is known about the patients receiving buprenorphine in these settings.

Do Behavioral Strategies Help Pregnant Women With Drug Dependence Stay in Treatment?
Pregnant women with drug dependence have historically poor attendance in treatment and high treatment drop-out rates. This study examined whether behavioral incentives could enhance treatment participation and retention in these women.

Drug Use in Young Adulthood May Lead to a Decline in Health Later
Self-rated general health is strongly associated with important health outcomes, such as mortality. Researchers studied the relationship between self-reported drug use at baseline and self-rated general health 15 years later.

Alcohol Use, Bone Density, and Hip Fractures in Older Adults
Moderate drinking has been consistently linked with higher bone mineral density but not the risk of hip fracture. Researchers in this study analyzed the effect of alcohol consumption on this risk.

Health Plans' Requirements for Mental Health and Substance Use Screening
Most health plans cover some treatment for mental health and substance use disorders, but too few people who need these services receive them.

Read PDF of December 2007 issue (225 KB)


The Treatment Practitioner’s Research Bulletin is a project of Join Together and is
supported by an unrestricted educational grant provided by Alkermes, Inc. and
Cephalon, Inc. It is produced in cooperation with the Boston University School of
Public Health. Copyright © 2007.
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Tuesday, December 4, 2007

Moderate alcohol consumption contributes to women's well-being through the menopausal transition
Climacteric, Volume 10, Issue 6 December 2007 , pages 491 - 499





To examine the association of alcohol consumption with well-being in mid-aged Australian women, taking into account other lifestyle factors.

A prospective, observational study was carried out among 438 urban Australian women aged 45-55 years at baseline. They were assessed annually for 8 years using a questionnaire on health and lifestyle, including self-ratings of well-being and daily 'hassles'. Statistical analyses were performed using cluster and repeated measures analyses.

About 80% of the women had consumed alcohol in the week preceding the interview. Alcohol intake was weakly associated with well-being overall (p = 0.094). Women who consumed alcohol at moderate levels had higher well-being scores than non-drinkers or heavy drinkers, however, provided they were also non-smokers and exercised weekly or more (p for interaction = 0.023) (21% of all study participants). Everyday symptoms and stresses had a negative impact on well-being (all p values < 0.001).

Among women undergoing menopausal transition, well-being is positively associated with moderate alcohol consumption along with other lifestyle factors in a synergistic fashion, rather than any individual factor having a dominant or an independent effect.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: r.alati@uq.edu.au
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Marin Institute News, December 2007


subway_budlight_small

New Report: The End of the Line for Alcohol Advertising on Public Transit

While for many of us public transit offers a convenient way of getting around, to Big Alcohol, bus shelters and train cars represent one more opportunity to target youth with advertising. That's why last month Marin Institute released a first-of-its-kind report, The End of the Line for Alcohol Advertising on Public Transit. We surveyed 25 of the nation's top transit systems. First the good news: most agencies (75 percent of those responding) have policies that prohibit alcohol advertising. However, two of the largest systems--New York and Boston--do not have such policies. It should come as no surprise then, that alcohol ads are pervasive in these two cities.

In collaboration with researchers at Hunter College (who surveyed alcohol ads on the New York subway system) and New York Assembly member Felix Ortiz (who has introduced legislation to ban the ads), Marin Institute released the report on the steps of City Hall in New York City.

We also know that having a policy doesn't necessarily mean it's being enforced. If you see alcohol ads on your transit system and would like to do something about it, please contact us at transit@marininstitute.org. Stay tuned for more action on this issue.

View Recent News Coverage

Download the Full Report

En Espanol

darfur_girl


August Busch IV: "Stop Genocide? We'd Rather Watch Synchronized Swimming"

As a major sponsor of the 2008 Olympics in Beijing, the king of beer Anheuser-Busch could play a role in stopping the genocide in Darfur. China is being called "the single most important supporter, economically and diplomatically, of the regime in Sudan," where hundreds of thousands of people have been killed or displaced. And as 2008 draws near, the Olympics represents an important opportunity to put pressure on the Chinese government.

But Anheuser-Busch has refused to speak out against a crisis that even the Bush administration calls genocide. The company was given a failing grade on a recent report card published by a New York-based organization for its apparent lack of understanding of the situation in the region, as well as an unwillingness to respond. For its part, the company says it is sponsoring the Olympics simply, "to support the athletes who bring the world together in the spirit of friendship, solidarity and fair play."

Then again, it might also have something to do with Budweiser's partial ownership of Tsing Tao (China's most popular beer) and the fact that China is the largest-volume and fastest-growing beer market in the world. And did we mention that Anheuser-Busch operates 14 of its 15 international breweries there?

Sources:

Darfur advocates press A-B to drop Olympics

Anheuser-Busch looks to China


Molson Faces the Facebook Consequences
facebook_molson

With 31 million active users, almost half of them college-aged, Facebook is a potential goldmine for alcohol makers interested in connecting their brands to cutting-edge social marketing technology. And while most beer brands in the US appear to be making a slow creep toward their young target audience via the site, Canadian beer Molson (owned by US-Based Molson Coors) recently made a bold move to hook young Facebook users while promoting binge drinking.

In a contest featured on the sponsored "Molson Canadian Nation" Facebook page, the brewer invited college students to compete for the title of "number one party school in Canada." The result, according to a Canadian student paper, was more like the film "Animal House." Many of the images depicted scantily clad students drinking enormous quantities of Molson. One, labeled "Four drinks on the go at 10 a.m.," shows a female student clutching a handful of beers.

Although the company pulled the contest after public outcry, a recent visit to the same page revealed a homage to the winner of the party school contest, along with wallpaper, screensavers, and a link to an event calendar on the official Molson site, with the directive, "get your a** to a Molson party." The official Facebook Coors group also boasts 27,000 members. How the company ensures that all are over the legal drinking age is unclear.

Sources:

Molson Ends Facebook Party School Contest

Molson bashed over Facebook contest

Don't Republicans Care About Underage Drinking Too?

After a recent hearing, the California State Board of Equalization voted (again) to move ahead with plans to tax alcopops as distilled sprits instead of beer. This, despite vociferous industry lobbying that included newspaper ads, a dedicated website, and rolling billboards outside the hearing. The two board members voting no (again) included Republican Bill Leonard.

Now the editors of a Bakersfield newspaper want to know: "Republicans portray themselves as defenders of morality and protectors of children, family values, law and order, sobriety, propriety and decency, why, then, would [Leonard] -- representing the conservative Central Valley, of all places -- try to stand in the way of a policy intended to keep alcohol out of the hands of teens?"

Good question. Perhaps a recent Los Angeles Times article can shed some light on the answer: While Leonard cannot receive donations larger than 250 dollars from industry, a group of alcohol distillers recently gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to a Sacramento-area nonprofit that employs Leonard's wife and his chief deputy. But is that really what they meant by family values?

Sources:

Where are Family values?

Questions arise about a tiny nonprofit's financial ties

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The transition from high school to college provides a potentially critical window to intervene and reduce risky behavior among adolescents. Understanding the motivations (e.g., social, coping, enhancement) behind high school seniors’ alcohol use could provide one important avenue to reducing risky drinking behaviors.

In the present study, latent class analysis was used to examine the relationship between different patterns of drinking motivations and behaviors in a sample of 12th graders (N = 1,877) from the 2004 Monitoring the Future survey. Unlike previous variable-centered analyses, this person-centered approach identifies types of motivations that cluster together within individuals and relates membership in these profiles to drinking behaviors.

Results suggest four profiles of drinking motivations for both boys and girls, including Experimenters, Thrill-seekers, Multi-reasoners, and Relaxers. Early initiation of alcohol use, past year drunkenness, and drinking before 4 p.m. were associated with greater odds of membership in the Multi-reasoners class as compared to the Experimenters class. Although the strength of these relationships varied for boys and girls, findings were similar across gender suggesting that the riskiest drinking behavior was related to membership in the Multi-reasoners class.

These findings can be used to inform prevention programming. Specifically, targeted interventions that tailor program content to the distinct drinking motivation profiles described above may prove to be effective in reducing risky drinking behavior among high school seniors.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: dlc30@psu.edu
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Ensuring Solutions to Alcohol Problems

November 28, 2007


Online screening tools provide a low-cost, non-intrusive means to encourage employees to engage in healthy behaviors and seek help when necessary. Employers who encourage the use of effective online screening tools can achieve reductions in healthcare expenses and improvements in workplace productivity. Read more...


Ensuring Solutions to Alcohol Problems is gathering information about alcohol screening and brief intervention (SBI) approaches used in the workplace. This survey will help develop techniques and strategies to more effectively address unhealthy alcohol use in work-related settings. To participate...


Soldiers returning to the U.S. from war zones may initially report few problems, but as time passes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), alcohol problems and a host of other mental health issues could become serious concerns for returning soldiers, their families and their employers. Read more...

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Cancer reform strategy
04/12/2007

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Raising awareness

There is significant concern that few people know the six main causes of cancer: smoking, obesity, diet, sedentary lifestyle, alcohol and excessive sunbathing.

A major campaign will be launched on how to measure units of alcohol so drinkers can stay within recommended limits and a consultation will be launched on whether there needs to be legislation to enforce warning labels on alcohol bottles and cans.
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Intervening early to reduce developmentally harmful substance use among youth populations
Med J Austr 2007; 187 (7 Suppl): S22-S25







Abstract
  • Early-onset or frequent substance use during adolescence increases the risk of developing mental health problems, as well as a range of other adverse outcomes (eg, alcohol or drug dependence, educational underachievement, health problems, social difficulties) during late adolescence and early adulthood.

  • Increases in rates of risky drinking among young people are particularly concerning, suggesting that an effective, evidence-based alcohol policy and preventive framework needs to be developed.

  • Restricting the supply of licit and illicit substances to adolescents, delaying the age that licit substances can be legally purchased, reducing positive media portrayals of substance use, and banning targeted promotions, should be universal, public prevention priorities.

  • Mass-media campaigns need to deliver coherent and credible evidence-based messages to young people, utilising a broad array of dissemination strategies.

  • Clear policy and guidelines for parents regarding appropriate alcohol use for adolescents also need to be developed.

  • Prevention programs should target children and adolescents in families with parents who use drugs, young people who have been suspended from school, or those with mental health problems.

  • Preventive screening and targeted brief interventions can be effectively delivered in a variety of settings by a range of health professionals.

Read Full Text (PDF)
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Monday, December 3, 2007

Mortality differences according to living arrangements
International Journal of Epidemiology 2007 36(6):1255-1264

Research has revealed mortality differences between marital status groups in different societies and different periods of time. Due to the increase in consensual unions, living alone and other changes in living arrangements, it is necessary to apply a more detailed classification of living arrangements that incorporates partnership situation and household composition.

In the working aged population, cohabiters had nearly 70% excess mortality when compared with married people. Among working aged men living with someone other than a partner and among men living alone, mortality was three times higher than among married men. Among women, mortality in these groups was close to that of cohabiters. In the older population, mortality in the other groups was 15–40% higher than among married persons. Adjusting for education, social class and employment status attenuated the mortality differences by 7–31%. Having no children was associated with excess mortality in working aged women and men in each living arrangement group.

The relative differences were greatest in deaths from alcohol-related causes, followed by deaths from accidents among men and working aged women and lung cancer in women.

We observed wide mortality differences according to living arrangements, particularly among the working aged. These differences were partly explained by socioeconomic factors. Excessive alcohol use seems to be one major cause of mortality differences.

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Request Reprint E-Mail: seppo.koskinen@ktl.fi

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Treatment Clients Less Likely to Be Receiving Care Solely for Alcohol Abuse
CESAR FAX December 3, 2007 Vol. 16, Issue 48

Substance abuse treatment clients are increasingly less likely to be treated solely for alcohol abuse, according to recently released data from an annual survey of all public and private substance abuse treatment facilities in the United States.

The percentage of clients in treatment solely for the abuse of alcohol decreased from 30.5% in 1995 (the first year data was collected) to 18.5% in 2006 (the most recent year for which data are available). At the same time, the percentage of clients in treatment for other drug abuse increased from 23.4% to 35.1%. The proportion of clients being treated for both alcohol and other drug abuse remained relatively stable at around 46%.

While these findings may reflect actual changes in substance abuse and dependence, it is also possible that they are a result of other factors, such as changes in insurance policies or access to treatment.

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News Release - Millennial Consumers Seek New Tastes, Willing to Pay a Premium for Alcoholic Beverages



Nielsen Releases Most Comprehensive Study To Date on U.S. Millennial Generation’s Alcoholic Beverage Attitudes and Usage

November 26, 2007, Schaumburg, IL- Millennial consumers (21 – 30 year olds) and their thirst for new experiences have a clear impact on their alcoholic beverage choices, according to a new study by The Nielsen Company. In the most comprehensive study to date of the alcoholic beverage preferences of the U.S. Millennial generation, Nielsen finds that Millennial consumers frequently seek new tastes and are willing to pay a premium for alcoholic beverages. (For all charts and graphs referenced in this release, please view Full PDF Download version of release).

Also known as “The Next Great Generation,” the 70 million Millennials outnumber Generation Xers (31 – 44 years old) by nearly 25 million and are nearly as large as the approximately 77 million Baby Boomers (45 – 65 years old) in the U.S.

“The Millennials are primed to be an extremely influential group,” said Richard Hurst, senior vice president of Beverage Alcohol at ACNielsen, a service of The Nielsen Company. “At the beginning of their careers, Millennials are discovering the world and have control over their money and time in ways their predecessors never did. A sizeable group with many purchasing years ahead of them, understanding what they’re buying, why they’re buying, where they’re buying and how they’re buying represents an enormous opportunity for today’s manufacturers and retailers.”

“Understanding this important consumer group is critical to our business,” said Ed Gawronski, vice president, Market and Business Insights, Miller Brewing Company. “We know Millennials will have great influence on category dynamics for years to come.”

Alcoholic beverage preferences for the 21 – 30 year old age group are clearly changing. Ten years ago, beer accounted for 59 percent of this group’s alcoholic beverage spending; this number has shrunk 12 percentage points to 47 percent as wine and spirits purchases have grown in relatively equal proportions. While the 31 plus age group preferences are changing in a similar manner, wine and spirits preferences are moving at a much slower rate with only a six percentage point gain during the last ten years. (Please refer to chart titled "Dollar Share of Alcoholic Beverage Purchases" in Full PDF Download of release).
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Alcohol craving, limbic irritability, and stress
Med Sci Monit 2007; 13(12):CR543-547

Recent findings indicate that craving during alcohol withdrawal, also in abstinent patients, can relate to kindling phenomena caused by sensitization in temporo-limbic structures.

Because limbic structures are involved in stress, anxiety, and emotional processing, kindling and temporolimbic seizure-like activity are also closely related to various psychiatric symptoms frequently presented without seizure disorders.

Recent findings also show that these seizure-like processes are related to limbic irritability, which may also be significantly influenced by stressful life events.

The hypothesis tested in the present study is that limbic irritability could be closely related to craving symptoms.

Statistical analysis showed highly significant correlation between limbic irritability (LSCL-33) and craving (ACQ-R) and highly increased limbic irritability scores in the patients compared with the healthy controls.

The results indicate that craving symptoms are related to the kindling process presented in the form of cognitive, affective, sensory, somatic, behavioral, and memory symptoms linked to limbic irritability and temporo-limbic seizure-like activity.

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New science on fetal alcohol exposure
by Cara Hetland, Minnesota Public Radio
December 3, 2007

When a pregnant woman drinks, she risks giving birth to a child with permanent brain damage. Doctors and those who work with these children are learning more about what is called fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Research projects around the world aim to learn more about what happens when a fetus is exposed to alcohol.
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Larger view
The Safe Passage study is the largest of its kind and will follow 12,000 pregnant women. Monitoring the fetal heart beat is part of the study. (MPR Photo/Cara Hetland)

Sunday, December 2, 2007

Champagne swirls as Swedes enjoy the good life

Published: 2nd December 2007

In bars, restaurants and homes across Sweden champagne is flowing in abundance as Swedes enjoy a seemingly endless thirst for the bubbly beverage, spurred by a gastronomic "revolution" and a rosy economy.

Champagne sales at stores run by the alcohol distribution monopoly Systembolaget are expected to hit an all-time high of one million bottles this year, excluding sales in bars and restaurants.
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"Consumption worldwide is rising by five to six percent each year but in Sweden it is growing at the same rate as in emerging countries, by 30 percent," explains Ghislain de Montgolfier, the head of the Union of Champagne Houses in France.
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Read Full Article
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The Association Between HIV Infection and Alcohol Use: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of African Studies.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 34(11):856-863, November 2007.


To summarize the association between alcohol use and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection based on studies conducted in Africa, EMBASE and PubMed were searched for African studies that related alcohol use to HIV infection. Meta-analyses were conducted to obtain pooled univariate and multivariate relative risk estimates.

Subgroup analyses were performed for studies having different sample types: males or females and population-based or high-risk, and ones that differentiated between problem and asymptomatic drinkers.

Alcohol drinkers were more apt to be HIV+ than nondrinkers. The pooled unadjusted odds ratio (OR) from 20 studies was 1.70. Results from 11 studies that adjusted for other risk factors produced a pooled risk estimate of 1.57. Males and females had similar risk estimates, while studies involving high-risk samples tended to report larger pooled odds ratios than studies of the general population. When compared with nondrinkers, the pooled estimates of HIV risk were 1.57 for nonproblem drinkers versus 2.04 for problem drinkers, a statistically significant difference.

Alcohol use was associated with HIV infection in Africa and alcohol-related interventions might help reduce further expansion of the epidemic.


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Request Reprint E-Mail: heb2013@med.cornell.edu

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