Reduction in heavy drinking as a treatment outcome in alcohol dependenceJournal of Substance Abuse Treatment
Article in Press, Corrected Proof 22 Ferbruary 2007
David R. Gastfriend M.D.a, , E-mail:david.gastfriend@alkermes.com
James C. Garbutt M.D.b,
Helen M. Pettinati Ph.D.c and
Robert F. Forman Ph.D.a
aAlkermes, Cambridge, MA, USA
bUniversity of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
cUniversity of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
Received 22 March 2006; revised 11 August 2006; accepted 11 September 2006. Available online 22 February 2007.
Abstract
In the field of clinical alcohol disorders treatment in North America, abstinence continues to be largely viewed as the optimal treatment goal; however, there is a growing awareness of limitations when abstinence is considered the only successful outcome.
Although this issue has been discussed in research settings, new studies on the public health significance of heavy drinking (defined as five or more standard drinks per drinking day in men, and four or more standard drinks per drinking day in women) in the past 10 years suggest that clinical providers should consider the value of alternative outcomes besides abstinence.
A focus on abstinence as the primary outcome fails to capture the impact of treatment on reduction in the pattern and in the frequency of alcohol consumption.
In addition, evaluating reduction in drinking as “positive” has value for patients as an indicator of clinical progress. Measurement of continuous variables, such as the quantity and the frequency of alcohol consumption, has provided a clearer understanding of the scope of alcohol-related morbidity and mortality at the societal level, and of the relationship between individual patient characteristics and the naturalistic course of alcohol use, abuse, and dependence.
A review of these characteristics suggests that there are clinical benefits associated with reducing heavy drinking in alcohol-dependent patients.
Given the significant public health consequences associated with heavy drinking and the benefits associated with its reduction, it is proposed that researchers, public health professionals, and clinicians consider using reduction in heavy drinking as a meaningful clinical indicator of treatment response, and that outcomes be individualized to patients' goals and readiness to change.
Financial disclosure: Dr. Gastfriend and Dr. Forman are employed by Alkermes, whereas Dr. Garbutt and Dr. Pettinati have received study grant funds from and serve as advisors to Alkermes.
Corresponding author. Alkermes, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA. Tel.: +1 617 583 6911; fax: +1 617 252 0799.
