A single exposure to voluntary ethanol self-administration produces adaptations in ethanol consumption and accumbal dopamine signaling

In well-trained animals, accumbal dopamine release is stimulated during operant ethanol self-administration, but the time course of development of this dopaminergic response, particularly during the acquisition of ethanol drinking behavior, remains unknown.

To examine this, we trained male Long–Evans rats to self-administer 10% ethanol plus 10% sucrose, using a protocol in which the concentration of ethanol was kept constant throughout the study. The animals were required to press the lever four times to gain continuous access to the drinking solution for 20 minutes, and microdialysis was performed on either the first or second day of 10% ethanol plus 10% sucrose self-administration or 10% sucrose as controls. Ethanol and dopamine were both analyzed in the dialysates.

All groups (day 1 and 2 ethanol and their corresponding sucrose controls) showed an increase in accumbal dopamine during the transfer from the home cage into the operant chamber.

Our main finding was an increase in dopamine in the nucleus accumbens core–shell border during the first 5 minutes of consumption on the second day but not on the first day of ethanol self-administration.

Our results suggest that a single exposure to a 10% ethanol plus 10% sucrose drinking solution may be sufficient to learn the association between ethanol cues and its reinforcing properties.

Furthermore, we speculate that the dopamine response during ethanol consumption likely reflects the reward-prediction role of the mesolimbic dopamine system.



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Two New Initiatives Address College High-Risk Drinking

Two new initiatives are bringing college leaders and experts together to tackle the seemingly intractable problem of college high-risk drinking.

Close to 40 percent of college students in the United States engage in binge drinking, and that number has remained virtually unchanged for decades. Almost 2,000 college students in the U.S. die each year from alcohol-related injuries. An estimated 600,000 students are injured while under the influence, according to the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA).

One new initiative to address the problem, the Learning Collaborative on High-Risk Drinking, includes 32 institutions, and is led by Dartmouth College President Jim Yong Kim. The group will use comprehensive evaluation and measurement techniques to identify and implement the most effective ways to confront college drinking and lessen its harmful effects.

The second initiative is the NIAAA’s Presidents Working Group, a group of college presidents who will advise the institute. The group was created to bring national attention to college drinking, and to make recommendations to college administrators. It is co-chaired by Dartmouth’s Dr. Kim, and Dr. Robert Carothers, immediate past president of the University of Rhode Island. The group held its kickoff meeting in May. > > > > Read More

What is Recovery?

What Is Recovery is a project of the Alcohol Research Group (ARG) which conducts and disseminates high-quality research in epidemiology of alcohol consumption and problems, alcohol health services research, and alcohol policies, while also training future generations of alcohol researchers.

The study, funded by the National Institutes of Health, is directed by Dr. Lee Ann Kaskutas, a Senior Scientist at the Alcohol Research Group, which is part of the Public Health Institute (PHI). The study has been approved by the PHI committee for the protection of human research subjects.

The current study is in two parts:

1. The first part is a Web-based survey about your definition of recovery. You do not have to provide any personal identifying information to participate in this web survey. It is anonymous, which means that we will not be able to identify you as having participated in the study, and we will not be able to link your answers to you. Answers to the web survey also are confidential. To access the online survey please click here.
2. The second part is a telephone interview to provide us with a more in-depth understanding of your definition of recovery. At the end of the web survey, a screen will come up asking if you are willing to potentially be selected for a half-hour phone interview in the next few weeks. Should you be willing to consider being interviewed, then we would need your contact information to get in touch with you for the interview. If you give us your contact information, then your answers to the web survey will no longer be anonymous. They will be linked to you. However, they will be confidential, meaning that we will not tell anyone how you answered our questions, nor will we tell anyone that you participated in the study.

To be eligible for the study, you must be at least age 18 and consider yourself as being in recovery from an alcohol or drug problem.

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IAS Alcohol Alert 2011 Issue 2: Responsibility Deal, hospital admissions, NICE guidance and more reviewed

The latest Alcohol Alert from the Institute of Alcohol Studies (IAS) has been released, it's cover story reviewing the controversial Responsibility Deal.

A feature on the recent headline news that alcohol admissions had exceeded 1 million per year for the first time looks the impact and cost to the NHS. Also included are reports on a new ambitious alcohol strategy in Liverpool which sets out to double the number of people able to access alcohol treatment.

The recent NICE alcohol clinical guidance is reported, as is the call for lower guidelines for alcohol consumption amongst older adults. Evidence around school based alcohol programmes is also assessed, as is the recent JRF findings that parents and families are key influences on young people's drinking. > > > > Read More

Beer to be banned Sundays — New law

CABINET is considering a policy that will see supermarkets, shops and bottle stores only being allowed to sell alcoholic drinks between 6am and 7am, while the selling of beer will be banned after midday on Sunday.

The tough regulations contained in the National Alcohol Policy that were first unveiled last year by The Standard will have far-reaching effects on the sale of beer and the thriving leisure industry.

Timothy Stamps, a health advisor to President Robert Mugabe who is behind the policy last week revealed that it was now closer to becoming law after it was forwarded to Cabinet.

But the former Health and Child Welfare minister said the new regulations were not new but government wanted to ensure that they were properly enforced. > > > > Read More

Zimbabwean Ministers Disown Proposed Tougher Alcohol Sales Policy

Some members of Zimbabwe's Cabinet are distancing themselves from reports that the government is drafting a tough national alcohol policy that will regulate the sale of beer and other intoxicating beverages with sales forbidden after noon on Sundays.

Ministers from the three parties sharing power in a national unity government said the Cabinet has not yet tabled the alcohol policy document drafted last year by presidential health adviser Timothy Stamps, contrary to recent news reports. The ministers said there are many issues needing more urgent attention than regulating beer without clear research showing alcohol consumption is a serious problem. > > > > Read More

Survey on alcohol use, advertising and public health campaigns

The Centre for Public Health based at Liverpool John Moores University are currently conducting a survey on alcohol use, advertising and public health campaigns. > > > > Read More

Extended telephone-based continuing care for alcohol dependence: 24-month outcomes and subgroup analyses

To determine whether 18 months of telephone continuing care improves 24-month outcomes for patients with alcohol dependence. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify patients who would benefit most from continuing care.

Comparative effectiveness trial of continuing care that consisted of monitoring and feedback only (TM) or monitoring and feedback plus counseling (TMC). Patients were randomized to treatment as usual (TAU), TAU plus TM or TAU plus TMC, and followed quarterly for 24 months.

Publicly funded intensive out-patient programs (IOP).

A total of 252 alcohol-dependent patients (49% with current cocaine dependence) who completed 3 weeks of IOP.

Percentage of days drinking, any heavy drinking and a composite good clinical outcome.

In the intent-to-treat sample, group differences in alcohol outcomes out to 18 months favoring TMC over TAU were no longer present in months 19–24. There was also a non-significant trend for TMC to perform better than usual care on the good clinical outcome measure (60% vs. 46% good clinical outcome in months 19–24). Overall significant effects favoring TMC and TM over TAU were seen for women; and TMC was also superior to TAU for participants with social support for drinking, low readiness to change and prior alcohol treatments. Most of these effects were obtained on at least two of three outcomes. However, no effects remained significant at 24 months.

The benefits of an extended telephone-based continuing care programme to treat alcohol dependence did not persist after the end of the intervention. A post-hoc analysis suggested that women and individuals with social support for drinking, low readiness to change or prior alcohol treatments may benefit from the intervention.

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Alcohol News - 32/2011

Medical News Today (Sweden) - One Measure Of Spirits Can Raise Acute Pancreatitis Risk By 52%

The Karolinska Institute in Sweden conducted a study, in which researchers followed 84,601 people aged between 46 to 84 years from the general population in Vastmanland and Uppsala for an average of ten years, during which time 513 developed acute pancreatitis.

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Huffington Post - Alcohol, Drugs To Ease Anxiety Could Spur Substance-Abuse Problems

Many people who experience chronic feelings of anxiety about social situations, work and relationships, or other aspects of everyday life often reach for a beer or a glass of wine to quell their unease.

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Newsday (USA) - Army hiring more counselors for alcohol abuse

The army is increasing its staff of substance abuse counselors by about 30 percent to help the rising number of troops with alcohol problems.

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AFP (USA) - More than half of Americans drink alcohol: report

More than half of Americans aged 12 and up drink alcohol, a quarter binge-drank in the past month, and one in 14 teens has used marijuana, a US government agency says in a report on substance abuse.

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Northern Advocate (New Zealand) - Zero alcohol law welcomed by SADD

The new zero-alcohol rule for young drivers is welcome for its clarity as well as life-saving potential, says a Whangarei student leader.

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NY1 - New Study Highlights More Dangers Of "Alcopop" Consumption

The controversial, sweet, alcohol-laden soft drinks that have gained nicknames like "cheerleader beer" and "alcopops" are a favorite with minors, and a new study is once again putting dangers associated with these drinks in the spotlight. NY1's Health reporter Kafi Drexel filed the following report.

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Telegraph.co.uk (UK) - British breweries to sell weaker beer following low-alcohol content tax cut

Since March, when the Chancellor announced a 50 per cent duty reduction on beers of 2.8 per cent alcohol by volume or less, many breweries have begun experimenting with weaker beers in anticipation of a price-driven surge in popularity.

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Times of India - People who work more drink more

People who work at least 50 hours a week are three times more likely to develop alcohol-related problems than those who didn't work as much, a New Zealand study has found.

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New Era (Namibia) - Alcohol abuse up

Preliminary findings on alcohol and drug abuse reveal that alcohol abuse is on the rise in the north, with medium and high-risk drinking more widespread among young people than elderly people.

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The Bay of Plenty Times (New Zealand) - Alcohol ban for under 20 drivers has strong support

Almost 200 young drivers have been caught drink-driving this year and alcohol was a contributing factor in the deaths of eight people who have died on Western Bay of Plenty roads.

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The Age (Australia) - Drunken bashings up despite booze campaign

ALCOHOL-RELATED domestic violence, assaults and hospital admissions have risen sharply despite attempts to turn Victoria's binge drinking culture around.

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London Free Press (Canada) - Ontarians OK with modern alcohol laws

Regardless, then as now Ontarians seem OK with having 20th century laws and attitudes when it comes to the sale of alcohol. Poll results this week found that 60% would welcome the idea of being able to pick up beer or wine at a corner store. In polls, 60% is a big number.

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BusinessWeek (Russia) - Russia Vodka Crackdown Hits CEDC Outlook as Analysts Cut Targets

Russian president Dmitry Medvedev’s push to curb alcoholism and regulate liquor sales is hurting the outlook for the world’s biggest vodka producer.

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EurekAlert - The effects of smoking and alcohol use on risk of upper aero-digestive cancers

Upper aero-digestive tract cancers (UADT), especially those of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, are often referred to as alcohol-related cancers as it has been shown repeatedly that heavy drinkers, in particular, are at increased risk. The combination of heavy alcohol use and cigarette smoking is the key factor in increasing the risk of these cancers.

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Euroalert.net (EU) - The project on strategies towards responsible alcohol consumption for adolescents in Europe reaches practical phase

The TAKE CARE ("Strategies towards responsible alcohol consumption for adolescents in Europe") project has reached the practical phase. First pilot trainings with adolescents took already place in the individual countries. The project counts with EU funds.

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Czech Position (Czech Republic) - Czech booze makers dismiss EU drinking stats

The Czech Union of Distillers and Spirits Importers (UVDL) and also domestic wine makers and brewers say European Commission statistics according to which Czechs consume over 15 liters per capita of pure alcohol annually — making them Europe’s second-heaviest drinkers, after the Estonians — are flawed, with the true figure at around 9.9 liters per year.

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Irish Central (Ireland) - Ireland’s DUI rate among highest in Europe, new study shows

Ireland has some of the highest rates DUI rates in Europe, a new study has shown.

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Diet.co.uk (UK) - Poor Diet and Drinking Places UK Women at High Risk of Cancer

A poor diet and drinking places 25 per cent of British women at risk of cancer. British women are more susceptible of developing cancer than anywhere else in Europe.

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Scoop.co.nz (New Zealand) - Liquor Licences: Authorities ignore social harm

"I was woken at 3.50am with a man yelling that he'd been attacked with a meat cleaver. His friend has gone mad and he needed somewhere safe to stay. The man's face was bloody and swollen, and he smelled of tobacco and alcohol. He was soaked through to the skin by the rain" said Colin Bridle, Salvation Army Community Ministries Manager, as he picked up the pieces from yet another alcohol-fuelled incident in Tokoroa.

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FoodManufacture.co.uk (UK) - Government rejects alcohol policy concerns

The Department of Health (DH) has defended its approach to alcohol, after public health groups alleged that the drinks industry has an undue influence on government policy.

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Chronic ethanol consumption reduces adrenomedullin-induced relaxation in the isolated rat aorta

Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide that displays cardiovascular protective activity. We investigated the effects of chronic ethanol consumption on vascular reactivity to AM and the expression of AM system components in the rat aorta.

Male Wistar rats were treated with ethanol (20% vol/vol) for 6 weeks. Vascular reactivity experiments were performed in the isolated rat aorta. Metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) levels were determined by gelatin zymography. Nitrite and nitrate generation was measured by chemiluminescence. Protein and mRNA levels of pre-pro-AM, calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) and RAMP1, 2, and 3 (receptor-activity-modifying proteins) were assessed by western blot and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, respectively.

Ethanol intake reduced AM-induced relaxation in endothelium-intact rat aortas, whereas calcitonin gene-related peptide-, acetylcholine-, and sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation were not affected by ethanol intake.

N^G-nitro-l-arginine-methyl-ester (l-NAME), 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, and tetraethylammonium reduced AM-induced relaxation in aortic rings from both control and ethanol-treated rats.

Ethanol consumption did not alter basal levels of nitrate and nitrite, nor did it affect the expression of MMP-2 in the rat aorta.

Ethanol consumption increased mRNA levels of pre-pro-AM and RAMP1. Protein levels of AM, CRLR, and RAMP1, 2, and 3 were not affected by ethanol consumption.

The major findings of the present study are that ethanol consumption reduces the vascular relaxation induced by AM and changes the mRNA expression of the components of the AM system in the vasculature. This response could be one of the mechanisms by which ethanol predisposes individuals to vascular dysfunction and hypertension.



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Concurrent binge drinking and depression among Canadian youth: prevalence, patterns, and suicidality

This study compared differences in risk for suicidality among youth living in the community who met criteria for comorbid depression and binge drinking, depression without binge drinking, and binge drinking without depression relative to a reference group with neither condition.

Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze data from the Canadian Community Health Survey, Cycle 3.1 (CCHS 3.1, 2005): a cross-sectional survey of respondents from the Canadian population. To restrict the sample to youth, respondents were excluded who were younger than 15 or older than 24 years. Over 17,000 respondents were assessed to determine whether they met criteria for depression, binge drinking, the comorbid condition, or neither condition (reference group). Binge drinking was defined as five drinks or more on an occasion.

The 12-month prevalence rates for comorbid binge drinking and depression were 2.7% for male respondents and 2.1% for female respondents.

When adjusted for demographic factors and when compared with the reference group, the risk of suicidality was increased for the depressed group (odds ratio [OR] 5.23, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.34–8.2) and the comorbid group (OR 6.28, 95% CI: 3.68–10.70), but not for the binge-drinking group. With the exception of increasing age, sociodemographic factors were not correlates of comorbidity.

In conclusion, binge drinking was not associated with an increased risk of suicidality among Canadian youth living in the community, although depression and comorbidity were associated with suicidality.



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Ramelteon and Improved Insomnia in Alcohol-Dependent Patients: A Case Series

In this case series of 5 alcohol-dependent patients with insomnia who had initiated abstinence, a 4-week course of ramelteon 8 mg nightly was associated with markedly improved insomnia scores, increased total sleep time, and decreased time to fall asleep.

Given its lack of abuse potential and evidence of low melatonin levels in alcoholism, ramelteon deserves further study as a treatment for insomnia in this group of patients.



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Media Release - Coalition leads the way with new alcohol & drug strategy

The Coalition Government is committed to a new strategy for the way government, health and community services, businesses, families, and communities work together to address alcohol and drug related harms in Victoria, Minister for Mental Health, Mary Wooldridge said today.

Announcing the Expert Advisory Group which will inform the development of the whole of government Victorian Alcohol and Drugs strategy, Ms Wooldridge said the appointment of the 17-member expert taskforce, chaired by Professor Richard Larkins is an important step forward. > > > >



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Commentary on Pidd et al. (2011): Booze and drugs on the job – zeroing in on the industries at risk

Viewers of the US television series Mad Men or the longrunning UK show Eastenders will be keenly aware of the assumed normality of drinking at work. Are they typical of other work-places? Pidd et al.’s study [1] of drinking and drug consumption in the work-place in Australian settings gives us some very useful insights into where the major problems lie and how we might direct preventive efforts.

The study has three major strings to its bow. First, it focuses on consumption in the work-place (not just among the work-force), and secondly it cleverly uses secondary data from the National Drug Strategy Household survey using amuch larger sample than would otherwise be possible. Thirdly, for those interested in prevention of harm, it tells us where to prioritize our efforts. Based on this paper, it seems sensible to focus on certain high-risk industries such as hospitality and financial services much more than others, and to focus on the most prevalent consumption patterns, e.g. alcohol being consumed at much greater frequency than drugs. . . . .


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Commentary on Laslett et al. (2011): Alcohol-related collateral damage and the broader issue of alcohol's social costs

In their paper, Laslett et al. [1] have done a service not just to the research community, but to the millions of people who are affected by alcohol production, distribution and consumption every day in every corner of the world. In brief, the authors have provided a national-level assessment of how the drinking of individuals can affect the social fabric of a society. The impact is widespread and significant in terms of psychological, physical, social and economic costs. Negative effects from others’ drinking were reported by over 70% of Australians in the past year, with 51% experiencing serious adverse effects. Although Australia may not be representative of countries with lower levels of per capita income and alcohol consumption, the article raises some fascinating questions about the ways in which alcohol-related problems are defined, conceptualized, measured, and controlled. For example, what other legally available consumer product (tobacco, automobiles, gambling, etc.) has a comparable negative impact on the majority of the population of an advanced industrialized country? How effective are our current scientific methods in estimating and explaining the collective harm attributable to alcohol? Can we improve our terminology and conceptual models to better communicate the damage attributable to alcohol? To what extent can our current alcohol control policies be improved by taking these findings into account? . . . .


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Alcohol and non-communicable diseases (NCDs): time for a serious international public health effort

Together with smoking, diet and physical inactivity, consumption of alcohol is among the four most important risk factors for non-communicable disease (NCD).

Alcohol consumption, especially heavy consumption, impacts on cancer, liver cirrhosis and stroke.

To reduce the burden of NCD, effective alcohol policies should be implemented locally, nationally and internationally.


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Alcohol consumption and non-communicable diseases: epidemiology and policy implications

This paper summarises the relationships between different patterns of alcohol consumption and various on non-communicable disease (NCD) outcomes and estimates the overall impact of alcohol consumption on global mortality and burden of disease.

A narrative review, based on published meta-analyses of alcohol consumption-disease relations, together with an examination of the Comparative Risk Assessment estimates applied to the latest available revision of Global Burden of Disease study.

Alcohol is causally linked (to varying degrees) to eight different cancers, with the risk increasing with the volume consumed. Similarly alcohol use is detrimentally related to many cardiovascular outcomes, including hypertension, haemorrhagic stroke and atrial fibrillation. For other cardiovascular outcomes the relationship is more complex. Alcohol is furthermore linked to various forms of liver disease (particularly with fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and cirrhosis) and pancreatitis. For diabetes the relationship is also complex. Conservatively of the global NCD-related burden of deaths, net years of life lost (YLL) and net disability adjusted life years (DALYs), 3.4%, 5.0% and 2.4% respectively can be attributed to alcohol consumption, with the burden being particularly high for cancer and liver cirrhosis. This burden is especially pronounced in countries of the former Soviet Union.

There is a strong link between alcohol and NCDs, particularly cancer, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, pancreatitis and diabetes and these findings support calls by WHO to implement evidence-based strategies to reduce harmful use of alcohol.



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Social network influences of alcohol and marijuana cognitive associations

Decision-making is a social process whereby behaviors are often driven by social influences and social consequences. Research shows that social context also plays an integral role in decision-making processes. In particular, evidence suggests that implicit or non-conscious cognitions are linked to social information in memory and that implicit attitudes can be communicated and assimilated between people on an unconscious level.

This study assesses social contagion of implicit cognitions regarding alcohol and marijuana among high school friend networks.

Data are from an evidence-based drug education program delivered by either a health educator or by nominated class leaders over a 3-month period. Implicit attitudes were found to be susceptible to social influences, particularly for alcohol.

Surprisingly, social contagion was stronger for cognitions than for behaviors. In addition, results support prior research that has found that implicit attitudes are not entirely stable and may be more susceptible to change than are behaviors.

Public health initiatives to engender behavioral change could be facilitated by targeting flexible cognitive associations within existing social network structures.



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Parent-teen communication and pre-college alcohol involvement: A latent class analysis

Although parent-adolescent communication has been identified as important in delaying the onset and escalation of alcohol use, both the strength and direction of observed associations has varied in prior research with adolescents and college students.

The current study categorizes parents according to alcohol-related communication and relates these categories to other parenting factors and late adolescent alcohol involvement.

As part of a larger study, 1,007 college-bound teens and their parents were assessed. Teens were asked to report on their drinking behavior, and parents were asked about the occurrence of several specific alcohol-related communications with their teen, as well as additional parenting characteristics. Profiles of parent alcohol-related communication were derived using latent class analysis. Once the best fitting solution was determined, covariates were entered predicting class membership and investigating how classes were associated with additional parenting characteristics and teen alcohol use.

A five-class solution provided the best fit to the data: Frequent, All Topics (28%); Moderate, All Topics (25%); Frequent, General Topics (25%); Frequent, Consequences and Limits (12%); and Infrequent, All Topics (10%). Covariate analyses demonstrated class differences with regard to parental modeling, monitoring, knowledge, and parent-teen relationship satisfaction, as well as for students’ intentions to join fraternities/sororities and alcohol use.

Findings from the current study add to a small but growing literature supporting the continuing influence of parents in late adolescence and suggest that the frequency and specificity of parent-teen communication are potentially informative for refined parent-based preventive interventions.

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Stable Genetic Effects on Symptoms of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence from Adolescence into Early Adulthood

Relatively little is known about how genetic influences on alcohol abuse and dependence (AAD) change with age.

We examined the change in influence of genetic and environmental factors which explain symptoms of AAD from adolescence into early adulthood. Symptoms of AAD were assessed using the four AAD screening questions of the CAGE inventory. Data were obtained up to six times by self-report questionnaires for 8,398 twins from the Netherlands Twin Register aged between 15 and 32 years. Longitudinal genetic simplex modeling was performed with Mx. Results showed that shared environmental influences were present for age 15–17 (57%) and age 18–20 (18%).

Unique environmental influences gained importance over time, contributing 15% of the variance at age 15–17 and 48% at age 30–32. At younger ages, unique environmental influences were largely age-specific, while at later ages, age-specific influences became less important.

Genetic influences on AAD symptoms over age could be accounted for by one factor, with the relative influence of this factor differing across ages. Genetic influences increased from 28% at age 15–17 to 58% at age 21–23 and remained high in magnitude thereafter.

These results are in line with a developmentally stable hypothesis that predicts that a single set of genetic risk factors acts on symptoms of AAD from adolescence into young adulthood.



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